Why States Arm and Why, Sometimes, They Do So Together (2025)

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Volume 26 Issue 4 December 2024 (In Progress)

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Jonata Anicetti

Metropolitan University Prague, Czech Republic; Princeton University

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USA

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Ulrich Krotz

Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals (IBEI), Spain; Sciences Po Paris, France; Harvard University

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USA

(2023-24)

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International Studies Review, Volume 26, Issue 4, December 2024, viae031, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viae031

Published:

28 September 2024

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Abstract

Why do states arm? And why do they, sometimes, do so together with other states? International relations and security studies scholars have long explored the causes that propel states to arm. However, the extant literature has yet to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain arms production and collaboration. Drawing from work in eclectic theorizing, this article contributes a systematizing, integrative perspective. States arm, and sometimes arm together with other states, for a variety of reasons, often with very diverse theoretical roots and origins; frequently, causes mix, mingle, and intertwine. Two case studies serve as building blocks for our eclectic theory, illustrating and buttressing our framework. A study of Brazil’s KC-390 military transport aircraft demonstrates the value of eclectic theorizing in explaining arms production. European (fragmented) collaboration to develop a sixth-generation fighter aircraft documents the benefits of applying an eclectic theory of arms collaboration augmented with a “domain of application” approach. That is, explanations rooted in particular theoretical traditions apply and play out strengths in specific domains, and may thus complement one another to generate comprehensive explanations. Among numerous other promising domain differentiations, we distinguish here between “high-end” and “low-end” arming. Our findings have important policy implications. If states’ arming, alone or with others, is multicausal, then no single policy alone will suffice to channel, control, limit, or reduce the proliferation of weapons.

¿Por qué razones se arman los Estados? Y ¿por qué, a veces, lo hacen junto con otros Estados? Los académicos de los campos de las RRII y de la seguridad han explorado, durante mucho tiempo, las causas que impulsan a los Estados a armarse. Sin embargo, la literatura existente aún no ha sido capaz de proporcionar un marco teórico coherente que pueda explicar la producción de armas y la colaboración armamentística. En este artículo partimos de un trabajo de teorización ecléctica para aportar una perspectiva sistematizante e integradora. Los Estados se arman, y a veces se arman junto con otros Estados, por una variedad de razones, las cuales, a menudo tienen raíces y orígenes teóricos muy diversos. De hecho, con frecuencia, las causas se mezclan, se solapan y se entrelazan. Utilizamos dos estudios de caso como pilares para nuestra ecléctica teoría, los cuales contribuyen a ilustrar y reforzar nuestro marco. El estudio relativo al avión de transporte militar KC-390 de Brasil demuestra el valor que tiene la teorización ecléctica para explicar la producción de armas. La (fragmentada) colaboración europea para desarrollar un avión de combate de sexta generación ilustra los beneficios que tiene aplicar una teoría ecléctica de la colaboración armamentística aumentada con un enfoque de «dominio de aplicación». Es decir, aquellas explicaciones que se encuentran arraigadas en tradiciones teóricas particulares aplican y desarrollan fortalezas en dominios específicos y, por lo tanto, pueden complementarse entre sí para generar explicaciones exhaustivas. En este artículo realizamos varias diferenciaciones de dominio prometedoras, entre las que destaca la diferenciación entre rearme de «gama alta» y de «gama baja». Nuestras conclusiones tienen importantes implicaciones políticas. Si el rearme de los Estados, ya sea en solitario o junto con otros Estados, se debe a múltiples causas, entonces, ninguna política por sí sola será suficiente para canalizar, controlar, limitar o reducir la proliferación de armas.

Pourquoi les États s'arment-ils ? Et pourquoi, parfois, le font-ils conjointement avec d'autres États ? Les chercheurs en RI et en études de sécurité s'intéressent depuis longtemps aux causes qui poussent les États à s'armer. Néanmoins, la littérature existante n'a pas encore fourni de cadre théorique cohérent pour expliquer la production d'armes et la collaboration en la matière. Se fondant sur des travaux issus de la théorisation éclectique, cet article propose une perspective d'intégration et de systématisation. Les États s'arment, et parfois conjointement avec d'autres États, pour une pluralité de raisons, souvent aux origines et racines théoriques diverses. Il n'est pas rare que les causes se mélangent et s'enchevêtrent. Deux études de cas servent de fondation pour notre théorie éclectique, en illustrant et étayant notre cadre. Une étude de l'avion de transport militaire KC-390 du Brésil démontre la valeur de la théorisation éclectique quand il s'agit d'expliquer la production d'armes. La collaboration (fragmentée) de l'Europe pour développer un avion de chasse de sixième génération démontre les avantages de l'application de la théorie éclectique à la collaboration relative aux armes, enrichie d'une approche de « domaine d'application ». Autrement dit, les explications ancrées dans des traditions théoriques spécifiques exploitent des forces dans des domaines particuliers, et peuvent ainsi se compléter mutuellement pour générer des explications exhaustives. Parmi nombre d'autres différenciations de domaines prometteuses, nous établissons une distinction ici entre l'armement « haut de gamme » et « bas de gamme ». Nos conclusions s'accompagnent d'importantes implications politiques. Si l'armement des États, seuls ou à plusieurs, est multicausal, aucune politique ne suffira à elle seule pour canaliser, contrôler, limiter ou réduire la prolifération des armes.

arms production, arms collaboration, defense, eclecticism, domains of application, KC-390, FCAS, Tempest, GCAP, sixth-generation aircraft

© The Author(s) (2024). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Studies Association.

This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

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